Automated System for Milk Pasteurization free essay sample

Background of the Study Pasteurization is the process of heating food, which is usually a liquid to a specific temperature for a predefined length of time and immediately cooling it after it is removed from the heat. Pasteurization  relies on the principle that most harmful bacterial can be killed by heat. The most effective way to kill bacteria is boiling, but this compromises the flavor of the liquid. Pasteurization  strikes a happy medium, keeping the flavor delicious while making the food safer. In addition to minimizing the risk of sickness,  pasteurization  also makes foods more shelf stable and less likely to rot, meaning that fresh dairy products and juices are available to more people. Unlike sterilization, pasteurization is not intended to kill all micro-organisms in the food. Instead, it aims to reduce the number of viable pathogens so they are unlikely to cause disease. One product that commonly undergoes pasteurization is milk. We will write a custom essay sample on Automated System for Milk Pasteurization or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pasteurized milk is  milk  which has been heat-treated to kill pathogens which cause disease. Not all pathogens are removed during the pasteurization process, so  pasteurized  milk  is not 100% sterile, but many people consider it to be safer to drink than raw  milk  which has not been  pasteurized  at all. Local small farms pasteurize milk but the way they pasteurize milk does not ensure that the microorganisms in the milk will be completely eliminated. This problem in local small farms challenged the researchers to apply instrumentation and control to the process of Pasteurization. Automating the process will decrease production time while increasing production quality. Developing an automated system for milk pasteurization can ensure the product’s quality. The project will also be able to give the students of the Department and Instrumentation and Control Technology an idea on the process of Pasteurization. Objectives A. General Objective: To design an automated system for Low Temperature Low Time Milk Pasteurization. B. Specific Objectives: 1. To design the automated system of Milk Pasteurization together with its components. To design a temperature control system for the Milk Pasteurization. 3. To test if the project can produce milk that will pass the BFAD standards. Significance of the Study The study will focus on the process of milk pasteurization and temperature control. The study will help in the simulation of the process of heating and cooling. The study will provide a hands-on experience on how a temperature control loop can be controlled using a PLC for a heat exchanger. The study will benefit the following: DICT Faculty – For those professors whose subjects are in-line with the study, they will be able to develop visualization in the minds of the students and it will be easier to teach the topic regarding temperature measurement and control. DICT Students amp; Laboratory – The heating and cooling process in the project may serve as a reference for large scale projects and may also help the students to be familiar with the process of a heat transfer. ICE45/ICE45L (Process and Measurements Calibration 3) – The subject focuses on the variables flow and temperature. This project can help the subject by simulating temperature measurement using a thermocouple. Milk Industry – Small industries such as farms will be provided a small scale Pasteurization set-up with automated temperature control. The study will lessen the worry of the temperature varying too much. Scope and Delimitations of the Study The study will focus on designing and developing an automated temperature control system for the process of Milk Pasteurization. The study also has its limitations, namely: 1. Input of the feed in process will be manual. Feed will be limited to Milk only. 3. Homogenizing the raw feed will not be part of the project. 4. Heater to be used in the study will be fabricated as per specifications of the project. 5. Heating medium to be used in the project will be heated water. 6. Coolant to be used in the project will be a mixture of chilled water and Propylene Glycol. 7. Final cooling will not be part of the project; it will be conducted by placing the final product in a freezer to maintain the product in a specific range of temperature. Definition of Terms Pasteurization – is the process of reducing micro- organisms that are present in the food which can cause serious disease, in the means of applying heat at a specific temperature for a specific period of time. Jacketed Vessel – a type of vessel wherein the product is contained inside the vessel itself and enclosed by a coat or sheath wherein the heating medium/coolant is placed. Pathogens – are disease causing micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria and fungi, commonly found in untreated water, sewage and human waste. Heating Medium – is any solid or fluid (such as water, steam, air, or flue gas) which is used to convey heat from a heat source (such as an electric immersion heater) to a process or space being heated. Coolant – is a fluid which flows through or around a device to prevent its overheating. Propylene Glycol – is a colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid used in anti-freeze solutions. It also serves as coolant. Toxicity – is the degree to which a substance can damage an  organism. Toxicity can refer to the effect on a whole organism, such as an animal,  bacterium, or  plant, as well as the effect on a substructure of the organism.

The influence of Italian Art upon the work of Peter Ruben essays

The influence of Italian Art upon the work of Peter Ruben essays Peter Paul Rubens, a Flemish Baroque painter of the sixteenth and seventeenth Century focused his work namely upon the nude, a typical fixation, especially with Italian based artists during the Renaissance and Mannerism periods. Italy - particularly Florence and Rome was at the heart of the Renaissance A period of New Learning and the rebirth of Classical Art and Literature and therefore produced many prominent artists who inevitably influenced the work of many aspiring young followers of the Renaissance era. However, as the Catholic Church became increasingly unsatisfied with the mannerists work as it no longer honoured the spirituality the Church required. Therefore a new form of art was created Baroque A style of which Ruben was renowned for due to fact that he fundamentally revitalized and redirected Northern European painting as Renaissance art gradually began to lose popularity with secular authorities, yet kept its freedom and classical themes. The Renaissance was a period of great creative inspiration, from which many artists used as a motive to move away from the restrictive methods of Byzantine - a style that framed itself primarily upon the glorification of God. Throughout the 15th century artists studied the natural world, perfecting their understanding of such subjects as anatomy and perspective. The High Renaissance was of the great explosions of creative genius in history, and produced many masterpieces still thought of as irreplaceable to date. Despite this, Rubens was one of the earlier Baroque artists who realised the intricate and over-complicated style of mannerism and late Renaissance work would not achieve any strong emotive outcome. Rubens, raised initially as a Calvinist, taught by humanist scholars and finally re-baptised into Roman Catholicism was inevitably to become an artists who devoted much of his talent into the glorification of religion, which was ...

Marketing strategy implementation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Marketing strategy implementation - Essay Example Since the products are intended to be high end, they will not be priced lowly in a manner to comprise this fact. On the contrary, under pricing will raise doubts among the consumers as to the quality of the products (Kotler & Keller, 2006). The promotion strategy will justify the cost. It will make the customers appreciate that they are getting what they are spending their money on. The rationale of this strategy is based on the intended themes of the advertisements. The themes of the commercials will not concentrate on areas like how long lasting or portable the products are. Instead, they will be designed to create a picture of ownership experience and appeal to the status of using such products. This will have the effect of reducing comparison with the competition’s products (Laermer & Simmons, 2007). A generic product-market comprises an extensive collection of products which fulfill a general, nonetheless similar, need (Kotler & Keller, 2006). The product-market boundaries will first be distinguished by identifying particular needs that a range of products will satisfy. Although customers may have the same needs, they will not always satisfy them in the same way. Therefore, product-markets are often diverse and contain different user groups with different categories of related products (Kotler & Keller, 2006). The product-market will match the customers to the benefits of the products. It will be formed by a set of products that may be substitutes in usage situations similar to the models of benefits sought by different groups of customers. The boundaries will then be distinguished by categories of products that satisfy generic needs and the targeted customers (Kotler & Keller, 2006). The products are closely related because the customers regard them as substitutes and the fact ors and elements used in production are similar. For example, two cosmetic gels in the same product line may differ in that one irritates the skin, and the other

Controversy over space exploration Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Controversy over space exploration - Essay Example The major question amongst others is; has space exploration done anything to enhance life, or is it just another dormant and potential investment, which will benefit the generations to come? It is easy for anyone to develop criticism of an issue that the person would not like to participate in, or which the person finds more demanding to warrant the effort. However, there is constructive criticism that emanates from genuine concerns, over some tangible analysis and considerations, which then sparks a controversial debate. Space exploration is one such subject, which has raised controversy as a result of the genuine concerns by individuals and organizations alike, as well as some government institutions, over its real value (Adhikari, n.p.). Therefore, this discussion seeks to analyze different arguments that have been put forward in favor of, or against space exploration, with the aim of arriving at an informed conclusion, regarding whether space exploration is worth the resources de dicated to it, or such resources need to be channeled to other critical areas of social concern. According to The EUROCONSULT, "World government's space program expenditures was at a historical high, of more than $62 billion in 2008" (Kotyakov, n.p.). The share of the USA spending in this, which is of course the largest, amounts to $16 billion, and more is still being pumped into the space exploration projects. However, the major question that such enormous spending raises is, are there other critical social problems facing humanity that could have been solved using the same money? Should the answer to this question be affirmative, then another question that comes to the fore is; which issue, between space exploration and the critical social problems is dear to humanity? Considering that there are millions of people who die of hunger and starvation in different parts of the world, and considering that many other millions are succumbing to other terminal illnesses such as cancer and HIV, then we are left to ask ourselves, if the money spent on space exploration was spent in research to develop cure for such diseases, could the world have been a better place by now? (United States, Congress, 10). The answer to all these questions can be found in the arguments that have been put forwards either in support or against funding space exploration. While both sides of the arguments are weighty and worth considering, there must be one guiding principle; alleviation of human suffering, which then should override all the other considerations. Space exploration is a major source of inspiration for technology advancement (Launius, 58). Additionally, many children have drawn a lot of inspiration from the space exploration projects and the audacity of the space explorers, thus inspiring them to do even more greater things, that has resulted to numerous achievements and benefits to humanity. Space exploration agencies throughout the world, and especially in USA and Europe, for ms the cream of the elite in the society (Kotyakov, n.p.). Therefore, many children have been inspired by such agencies and those who work with them, to become different other things, through believing that anything can be achieved. There are some moments in the history of the world that will just

The winners and losers of the globalisation process

The winners and losers of the globalisation process There are both winners and losers associated with globalisation, however what exactly is globalisation and how can it be defined? Daniels et al. Defines the term globalisation as follows: A contested term relating to the transformation of spatial relations that involves a change in the relationship between space, economy and society.  [1]  There are a few key dimensions connected to globalisation, these are economical, political, social, cultural and environmental. This paper will argue that there are some positives linked to globalisation, however many people are still worse off and suffer as a result of this phenomenon. There are some general winners as a result of globalisation: the highly skilled and educated, large firms, global markets, men, or any people with assets. Then there are the losers of globalisation: the workers, women and children, local communities, the uneducated, people without skills, the environment and small firms. For globalisation to work inequality must be decreased in order to close the gap between the rich and poor countries. Transnational and Multinational Corporations are those corporations which have headquarters in a certain country (mainly in a global city) and operate in several other countries around the world. They have been the central players in the evolution of globalisation since the Second World War. These have continued to become some of the most powerful economic and political entities in the world today. The corporations can influence globalisation greatly and bring wealth to developed countries. Many of the larger Transnational Corporations (TNCs) have a higher turnover than the majority of the worlds countries. For example, the combined revenues of General Motors and Ford alone, the two largest automobile corporations in the world, exceed the combined Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for all of sub-Saharan Africa.  [2]   Economic globalisation  refers to increasing economic interdependence of national economies across the world through a rapid increase in cross border movement of goods, service, technology and capital.  [3]  Capitalism drives globalisation in this present era and will continue to do so with the markets opening up and becoming neo-liberal. Whilst economic globalisation has been occurring over several thousands of years, recently it has expanded rapidly with the increasing improvements in technology, transportation and free trade. This recent growth has occurred mainly because of developed countries integrating with less developed countries, by means of foreign direct investment (FDI), the reduction of  trade barriers and the modernisation of these developing cultures. Countries involved in trade liberalisation benefit from an increase in living standards, increased incomes, and higher rates of economic growth. For economies to grow, TNCs need to generate profit and expand glob ally. They achieve this by moving their production line to less developed countries in order to decrease production costs and increase profit. The winners of this process are the major corporations (Nike, Gap, Tommy Hilfiger, etc.) whose products are made at a minimal cost, thus generating increased amounts of profit allowing them to globalise their business and become wealthier. TNCs have been heavily criticised, however they have invested in developing countries and by doing this, have managed to raise the living standards. Despite the western view that sweatshops are unethical, the labourers who work in them are often benefiting greatly. Many economists whose studies are directly related to sweatshops find that after controlling for other factors, multinational firms pay higher wages than domestic firms in Third World countries.  [4]  Many citizens in developing countries are unqualified or uneducated, thus making it extremely difficult for them to find employment by being unqualified. Feenstra and Hanson (1997) find that multinational firms improve the lives of workers by increasing the demand for labour.  [5]  This indicates that unqualified citizens still have a chance of employment and receiving an above average income. The apparel industry has drawn most attention in the press for its use of sweatshop labour. Evidently, the apparel wages are l ow by Western country standards however, these wages compare favourably with the average standard of living within these countries. For example, in Honduras, the site of the famous Kathy Lee Gifford sweatshop scandal, the average apparel worker earns, $13.10 per day, yet 44% of the countrys population lives on less than $2 per day.  [6]  Evidently, sweatshops do play a major role in developing countries, however there still are some negatives surrounding them. The negative associations with globalisation cannot be overlooked. The losers of this process are the workers who work increased hours, earn little income, along with poor living and working standards. Even though sweatshops produce a reasonable, above average income for its workers, they usually work in dirty polluted factories which may have a negative effect on the worker and may decrease their life span. For example, Tommy Hilfiger a world renowned brand has set up sweatshops in developing countries, where products are made at a minimal cost and sold in developed countries at a high cost, producing major profits which return to the specific TNC headquarters, thus the developing countries economy does not benefit greatly. This in turn leads to an increase in inequality between the rich and the poor. As a result of sweatshops, citizens in the developing world may suffer as well. When these major corporations move their production line to reduce costs they leave several thousands of local citizens unemployed, which may lead to them relying on welfare. They may also substitute humans with labour saving technologies which will also increase unemployment levels. This can continue to lead to issues such as a loss of tax revenue which may be detrimental to the home country and halt them from moving forward. An additional loser in this process can be the consumer who purchases these products which can be described as being highly overpriced. Another significant and often overlooked loser from economic globalisation is the environment. Major corporations decreases in environmental integrity as polluting corporations take advantage of weak regulatory rules in developing countries. For example, human systems are depleting resources and degrading the environment at unprecedented rates, such as mining companies clearing land for production causing deforestation and pollution. There are many more examples of environmental degradation such as urbanization of productive land; water logging and salinization of soil; soil erosion; deforestation; ground water depletion; ozone depletion; pollution; and climate change to name a few. These are all issues which are currently being seen through media sources. Such as the BP oil spill which has been graded the biggest environmental disaster in the US history, The oil rig, about 40 miles (64km) off the coast of Louisiana, sank two days later, gushing an estimated 12,000 to 19,000 barrels of crude oil a day into the Gulf of Mexico.  [7]  This appears to be a prime example of environmental degradation. This disaster has continuing effects on the environment and economy such as killing wildlife and habitat, and effecting tourism on this part of the coast. Ms Wickman, owner of the Treasure Trove gift shop that occupies an 18th century church, one of Alabamas oldest buildings, estimates that her business has dropped by half since news of the April 20 explosion that destroyed an oil rig under contract with BP.  [8]  Due to the interconnectedness of globalisation when this disaster occurred all the oil prices around the world fluctuated and were unstable at the time. Some countries may suffer from the resource curse. A prime example of the resource curse is Nigeria, a country rich in land, but poor in population. Despite its large earning from oil, 70% of its estimated 140 million people live below the poverty line.  [9]  About 95 percent of Nigerias revenue is generated by oil and gas, resulting in billions of  dollars  in state funds every year, though much of the country remains impoverished and underdeveloped this is mainly due to a high level of corruption in its government.  [10]  These can lead to much greater issues within developing countries such as an increase in the chances of civil war within developing countries and open war between developing countries as they fight for resources. In conclusion, there are evidently positive impacts which have occurred as a part of the globalisation phenomenon. It has contributed to increased job opportunities for uneducated or unqualified citizens, has increased economic growth for developed countries through transnational and multinational corporations, and increased living standards due to trade liberalisation. Even though there are some negatives associated with globalisation such as increasing the gap between the rich and poor, exploiting labourers, along with having environmental impacts, globalisation has still continued to have many great benefits on the world. It is unreasonable to predict that globalisation will encourage equality around the world; there will always be winners and losers, regardless.

Police Structure Essay

When it comes to law enforcement at the federal there are twenty one agencies that deal with issues of law enforcement. The FBI is one of these agencies, which was established in 1908. It is currently the main investigative agency of the Federal Government. The FBI is one of the agencies that is organized and run under the Department of Justice. The responsibility of the FBI is to investigate any crimes that happen across state lines as well as violation of federal criminal law. Some of the particular offenses that they investigate are civil rights violations, kidnapping, auto thefts and internal security issues. The FBI will also assist local law enforcement with their investigations as well. So when it comes to their role as it applies to the law. The law enforcement powers that the FBI as well as the other federal agencies have is to enforce any violations of current federal laws and mandates, but also have the power to enforce this over the entire United States. When it comes to state law enforcement most states have established their own state police agencies such as the Highway Patrol or State Trooper which is run under the rules of the state government. The primary purpose of establishing these state law enforcement agencies is to allow a policing agency to work throughout the entire state without the restrictions of city or county boundaries. The authority of these state police body’s are to make arrests, execute search warrants, conduct criminal investigations and enforce traffic laws on state and federal highways as well as investigate traffic accidents. Then there are the policing agencies that represent the greatest number of police officers. Throughout the United States these city police officers who work in large and medium size municipalities are the ones in charge of handling the investigation of such crimes as burglaries, robberies, assaults, and rapes as well as patrol all local streets and highways going through the cit y. The boundaries of these departments are restricted to enforcing the law within their own city limits. These local municipalities are usually run by a chief who is appointed by the city government. Outside the cities in the more rural areas there is a policing agency at the county level. These County police departments function much the same as municipal police, but are run by an elected sheriff instead of an appointed chief and the law enforcement officers who work for a sheriff’s department are typically called sheriff deputies. In the sheriff’s department the sheriff is typically elected to a two or four year term by the population of the county in which they serve. Since the sheriff is elected they usually have more degree of freedom that local city official have. When it comes to organizational theories for police officers and other agencies in law enforcement there are two different divisions the police who you see out on the streets patrolling neighborhoods and arresting criminals then there are those who work behind the scenes and whose job it is to hire and train new employees as well as making sure that communication between police and other entities is secure and not disrupted in emergency situations. They also make sure that all equipment is kept running and in good conditions so that it doesn’t fail the office when needed. These two divisions are who make up the large body of people in law enforcements. This chain of command is a very essential component in law enforcement administration, from the chief down to a patrol officer to those behind the scene the utilization of this organizational chart is what allows for clear delegation of authority in any chain of command structure. As stated in the book Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior. â€Å"The principal of hierarchical authority is a requirement that every lower level organization must be supervised by a higher level. This results not only in the use of multiple spans of control, but also in different grades of authority which increase at each successively higher level in an organization. This authority flows downward in the organization as a formal grant of power from the chief of police to those selected for leadership positions. These two different grades of authority produce the chain of command† (234, Swanson). With departments having these two very different divisions this type of management style in law enforcement is continually going to change and evolve and it will be up to the people that work in their departments to make the necessary changes by adjusting and personnel and department resources accordingly in order to continue with a working straight forward chain of command. Works Cited Swanson, Charles R, Leonard Territo, Robert W. Taylor. Police Administration: Structures, Processes, and Behavior. New Jersey: Prentice Hall, 2005

Asboville tells the story of JB, a sixteen year old verging on delinquency Essay

Asboville tells the story of JB, a sixteen year old verging on delinquency. After warnings about stone-throwing, keying cars (scratching a key on the car body work) , breaking windows and making children’s play parks a no go zone for the under 14s and the over 17s alike, he is caught vandalising property. He is served with an ASBO, his likeness is pasted up on posters all over his estate, and he is sent to live with his uncle in a quiet seaside town. His punishment is to work at painting the beach huts. At one hut each day, it will take JB the entire summer. However is-this what it is always going to be like for JB? Or is there a ray of hope? The book opens on the estate where JB, Scooby, Carla and Dicko are kicking around. We also learn that ‘JB’S court case was just two days away. ’Already the book has started off with in a negative state. In addition his behaviour is like the other teenagers in this novel, he doesn’t think about consequences until it’s too late. In chapter two JB is on the train, heading to Haycliffe. He’s missing his friends. There’s a moment where JB stares out of the window at the backs of houses and eventually sees a reflection of himself. He doesn’t like what he sees. ‘JB punched the window. A blast of pain shot up his arm.’ Furthermore he feels that they are making an example of him. ‘Stuck the ASBO on him. Made an example of him.’ JB takes a taxi to Lowes Field where his Uncle lives. He sees the town from the taxi and the driver complains about how the place has changed. Eventually they arrive at a broken down caravan park and JB is left there in the place that is to become his home. Even when he moves to the beach it seems broken and unfriendly, also the driver of the taxi feels sympathy for JB when he gives the driver ‘a tenner out of his pocket and handed it over†¦ then gave JB a fiver back. â€Å"Looks like you need it,† he said.’ This shows that he knows what lies ahead for JB is going to be difficult. This further proves that this novel is pessimistic In chapter seven JB is starting to make changes as JB is introduced to his new life of painting beach huts. There’s a brief flashback to an event in his childhood and then we’re back on the beach again. He challenges his uncle briefly and is defeated. Boredom sets in. This shows a slight change from vandalism to work that helps himself rebuild. ‘†its’ only a beach hut!† his uncle turned to face him â€Å"never `only`, jay. Not when it’s your living.†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This shows that his Uncle is trying to teach him. This shows a ray of hope for JB. In chapter eight it seems as that ray of hope is short lived as JB has joined up with a new gang. Our first meeting with Moey’s gang. JB hides from them as they kick a tin of paint over his newly painted huts. Later they return and make fun of him. They argue about tagging. A short look at life on the estate with nobody taking responsibility and then JB thinking of his friends as another day comes to an end, his mobile silent and lifeless.’ The gang of lads passed by the crack. One of them spotted the tin of paint on the trestle. The fattest took a run at it, kicked it into the air.’ JB’s life gets harder as this gang will make things difficult for JB. After that on chapter eleven JB meets Sal for the first time. She asks his name. He tells her. She mentions the ships ’graveyard and then she’s gone. Sal becomes the mystery girl and therein lays the attraction. Sal tells us a little more about the ships ‘graveyard; how her friend Emma found it by accident; how her father doesn’t believe in its existence. ‘JB got a look at her now, curled brown hair hanging in front of her eyes, legs long and tanned. She was beautiful.’ This shows a great ray of hope as JB has made a new friend and has someone to talk to. However Sal has problems with her dad. To add in chapter twelve JB finds the gang at the Lifeboat Memorial on carnival day. He meets Moey and the girls, including Moey’s girlfriend, Lisette, for the first time. Moey infiltrates the parade and causes trouble with one of the lifeboat men who forces the gang to disembark and disperse into the alleyways. They arrive at the harbour where Moey demonstrates his nerve by lighting a banger and holding it in his fingers until the very last second. JB does the same. It’s a test of his nerve, a challenge. The noise from the bangers attracts the same man from the parade and once again he moves them on. Moey offers JB some cannabis. JB refuses to begin with but, in the end, he takes it on credit. After he’s left the gang he thinks about throwing the cannabis into the sea, but keeps it just in case. JB is being influenced by the gang, mostly Moey, to do bad things. ‘When it was JB’s turn he lit the banger and watched it burn while the gang watched him.’ This is supporting that this novel is pessimistic. In chapter fifteen Sal visits JB at the beach huts. JB lies about his age. It’s clear that there’s a connection between them. This is giving a ray of hope for not only JB but Sal also as JB has something positive has happened to him. Five chapters after that a new social worker arrives at the caravan park. His name is Tristan Bellows. He’s unsympathetic, the opposite of Swallow, and reminds JB of the rules he must follow. Next in chapter 21 JB’s positive luck ends as JB and Sal have an argument. She tells him what people think of his uncle and why. A clue to his uncle’s past. We learn that somebody made a hoax call to the lifeboat station on the night of the storm. JB is visited and questioned by the police. They discover the body of Sal’s father. JB stops Moey and his gang from torturing a kitten. Moey accuses him of making the hoax call. ‘† what like you? Making a hoax call and killing you girlfriend’s dad?†Ã¢â‚¬â„¢ This supports the fact that this novel is pessimistic; however in chapter twenty six on his way back to the caravan, he’s confronted by some of the members of Moey’s gang. They accuse him of making the hoax call. He stands up to them. This shows there is a ray of hope for JB as he starts to make changes. In addition he meets a smell boy on the beach and he made a new friends, someone who he can talk to and ‘He felt strangle relaxed with the boy’. This shows he has made a new friend and this novel may have a ray of hope. In chapter thirty-four, after completing the final hut and silently delivering some lyrics to Sal, JB spots two police cars at the caravan and Moey’s gang on the beach. Forced to make a choice, he approaches Moey’s gang who are sitting around a camp fire and to follow (in chapter 35) the first real climax to the novel. JB and Moey face up to each other. JB wields a knife. Moey’s gang scatter. JB takes up a flame from the fire and sets the beach huts alight. This is pessimistic and good at the same time as JB has realised that Moey was doing wrong and tries to stop him however the way he tries to stop him is negative, with a knife. Finally in the last two chapters JB sneaks back to the caravan then resolves to stay and face his punishment. JB’s decision is to stand and hold his ground. This is an important moment, for as we are well aware, there was a time when all he’d think of doing was running away. This is a major sign that JB has changed his ways and offers a ray of hope. And in the last chapter two months have passed. JB and his family have moved to a new house on the edge of the town. Sal calls from university. JB takes his phone to the beach where he lets Sal listen to the sound of the waves. They promise to see each other the following Christmas. This is where we know that JB has changed. So far my argument has been biased going towards the pessimistic side of the book however there aren’t many up’s to the book. This novel was over all negative and JB faced hard challenges to overcome, however in the end there is a ray of hope for the characters as once JB had stopped running away from things, like the police and real life he got back on track. Over all Asboville is a negative book from the start but towards the end offers a ray of hope to its characters.